Reduced‐scale test to assess the effect of fire barriers on the flaming combustion of cored composites: An upholstery‐material case study

Herein, we describe a reduced‐scale test (“Cube” test), measuring the fire performance of specimens including a fire barrier (FB) and a flammable core material, which acts as the main fuel load. The specimen is intended to reproduce a cross‐section of a composite product where heat/mass transfer occurs primarily in a direction perpendicular to the FB. The Cube test procedure and benefits are discussed in this work by adopting residential upholstery furniture as an exemplary study. One flexible polyurethane foam, one polypropylene cover fabric, and 10 commercially available FBs were selected. They were used to compare the fire performance of FBs, measured in terms of peak of heat release rate, in the ASTM E1474‐14 standard test and the newly developed Cube test. Edge effects severely affected the performance of FBs in the ASTM E1474‐14 standard test but not in the Cube test. Furthermore, appropriate test conditions were determined in the Cube test to measure the so‐called “wetting point,” that is, the time and value of heat release rate measured when flammable liquid products were first observed on the bottom of the specimen. The relevance of the “wetting point” in terms of full‐scale fire performance and failure mechanism of FBs is discussed.     

Effects of upholstery materials on the burning behavior of real‐scale residential upholstered furniture mock‐ups

Fire spread and growth on real‐scale four cushion mock‐ups of residential upholstered furniture (RUF) were investigated with the goal of identifying whether changes in five classes of materials (barrier, flexible polyurethane foam, polyester fiber wrap, upholstery fabric, and sewing thread), referred to as factors, resulted in statistically significant changes in burning behavior. A fractional factorial experimental design plus practical considerations yielded a test matrix with 20 material combinations. Experiments were repeated a minimum of two times. Measurements included fire spread rates derived from video recordings and heat release rates (HRRs). A total of 13 experimental parameters (3 based on the videos and 10 on the HRR results), referred to as responses, characterized the measurements. Statistical analyses based on Main Effects Plots (main effects) and Block Plots (main effects and factor interactions) were used. The results showed that three of the factors resulted in statistically significant effects on varying numbers of the 13 responses. The Barrier and Fabric factors had the strongest main effects with roughly comparable magnitudes. Foam was statistically significant for fewer of the responses and its overall strength was weaker than for Barrier and Fabric. No statistically significant main effects were identified for Wrap or Thread. Multiple two‐term interactions between factors were identified as being statistically significant. The Barrier*Fabric interaction resulted in the highest number of and strongest statistically significant effects. The existence of two‐term interactions means that it will be necessary to consider their effects in approaches designed to predict the burning behavior of RUF.     

Real-time organic aerosol chemical speciation in the indoor environment using extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

Understanding the sources and composition of organic aerosol (OA) in indoor environments requires rapid measurements, since many emissions and processes have short timescales. However, real-time molecular-level OA measurements have not been reported indoors. Here, we present quantitative measurements, at a time resolution of five seconds, of molecular ions corresponding to diverse aerosol-phase species, by applying extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (EESI-MS) to indoor air analysis for the first time, as part of the highly instrumented HOMEChem field study. We demonstrate how the complex spectra of EESI-MS are screened in order to extract chemical information and investigate the possibility of interference from gas-phase semivolatile species. During experiments that simulated the Thanksgiving US holiday meal preparation, EESI-MS quantified multiple species, including fatty acids, carbohydrates, siloxanes, and phthalates. Intercomparisons with Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer suggest that EESI-MS quantified a large fraction of OA. Comparisons with FIGAERO-CIMS shows similar signal levels and good correlation, with a range of 100 for the relative sensitivities. Comparisons with SV-TAG for phthalates and with SV-TAG and AMS for total siloxanes also show strong correlation. EESI-MS observations can be used with gas-phase measurements to identify co-emitted gas- and aerosol-phase species, and this is demonstrated using complementary gas-phase PTR-MS observations.     

工业余热跨季节储热系统优化及经济性分析

以工业余热跨季节储热用于区域供热系统为研究对象,在一个已有的1 MW工业余热系统的基础上,搭建工业余热跨季节储热系统设计方案,通过系统模拟对系统储热、取热过程进行分析。分析结果表明:工业余热跨季节储热适合长周期、大规模蓄热;储热体体积和循环流量应根据系统热源和取热装置特性进行合理匹配,在合理匹配范围内可参考系统经济性确定系统最优配置。最后,通过费用年值法分析优化后的系统经济性,分析表明工业余热跨季节储热用于区域供热成本仅略高于燃煤供热,相比燃气供热具有非常可观的经济性。     

隐蔽老火区立体式综合治理研究

对2320隐蔽老火区首先通过灌注泥浆对火区进行治理,同时对部分裂隙通道进行堵漏,然后对泥浆不能到达的区域注入高倍数三相泡沫灭火材料泡沫,瞬间将火源处覆盖,火源因隔绝氧气而窒息灭火。三相泡沫具有良好的堆积性和流动性,对煤体具有保水保湿,惰化遗煤氧化空间,并能够对松散煤体进行化学阻化,从本质上降低遗煤自然氧化速率,消灭了隐蔽老火区的火灾隐患,具有较高的推广价值。     

采区煤仓穿越交叉巷道延伸改造设计及工程实践

为解决采区煤仓容量小、运煤路线复杂等问题，提出了穿越煤仓上口交叉巷道向上延伸煤仓的方法，并通过理论分析和计算，确定了在不破坏原有煤仓的基础上利用“锚杆+锚索+喷射混凝土”和混凝土支护相结合的方式对煤仓进行永久支护的设计方案，并利用反井钻机快速施工缩小工期。城峰公司二采区采区煤仓使用该方法进行改造，结果表明此方法能在短时间内通过改造增加煤仓的容量，缩小运煤路线|SCCT软件的配筋计算能够获得钢筋混凝土穿过交叉巷道影响区域的合理参数|可为类似条件的井下煤仓改造施工提供借鉴。     

两个大型住宅项目设计配套消防备供电源供电方案分析及优劣对比

通过对两个大型住宅项目配置消防备供电源供电方案进行对比,分析由此产生的建设安装造价成本高低,以及后期物业管理程序的难易程度,总结出适宜于大型住宅项目的消防备供电源供电方案,既能降低建设投资成本,又可以简化后期物业管理程序,更好地保障消防系统供电安全,值得推广。     

高层住区建成环境对居民活动量的影响初探——以江苏海门世纪锦城为例

以海门市两个高层住区为对象，探究住区建成环境对居民活动量的影响机制。基于已有研究文献的归纳分析并 结合对居民需求的实地调研，得出两类影响因素并构建为相应的指标群。进而通过SPSS 软件进行多指标的相关性分析， 并根据相关性强弱提出影响力梯度层级体系。以期为新建或改造住区公共活动空间时，满足各类人群的差异化需求并 切实提升住区公共空间活力提供参考和指导。     

渭河盆地斜坡带稳定性两级模糊综合评判

选用多级模糊综合评判的理论与方法，建立了渭河盆地斜坡带稳定性综合评判模型及评判指标、综合评判计算模型。通过两级模糊综合评判，分选出了与渭河盆地斜坡带稳定性相吻合的稳定带、基本稳定带、次不稳定带和不稳定带，其结果较好地反映出了盆地两侧斜坡带的实际稳定程度。为该区的开发建设之布局等提供科学依据。     

四川广旺地区石煤资源开发利用研究

四川广旺含钒石煤主矿层属品位较富的钒矿资源，研究表明石煤中钒主要以Ｖ（Ⅲ）形式赋存于粘土矿物里。提钒过程中，焙烧是关键。它直接影响石煤中Ｖ（Ⅲ）向Ｖ（Ｖ）的价态转化率（ηｖ（ｖ））、Ｖ（Ｖ）进一步向可溶性的钒的转化率（η焙）及钒的浸出与沉淀。采用复合钠盐（ＮａＣｌ＋Ｎａ２ＳＯ４）焙烧比单一钠盐可提高焙烧转化率２％－５％。焙烧过程中钒的价态转化率与焙烧转化率存在着内在联系。